Modal Auxiliary

Use of modal auxiliary

LETTER WRITING

 INTRODUCTION

       Letter writing is a skill that is acquired through practice. There are three types of letters that you have to study in your syllabus and two types will be asked in your board examination out of which you have to write only one letter…..

Three types are:-

Application Letter

Letter to editor /  complaint letter

Domestic letter THE FORMAT OF APPLICATION LETTER 

          

Write sender's address with date can be left or right side.  ( given in the bio-data) 

Write date 

Address of the addressee ( to whom your sending the letter give in the advertisement )

Write Reference Ref : Your advertisement in daily newspaper ….   dated..

Write Subject : Application for the post of …….

Salutation  Respected Sir,

The body of letter consist of three paragraph generally 

1st should be introductory 

2nd should be informative and 

3rd should be conclusion.

then thanking you.

and lastly 

Yours faithfully,

the same name that is written in the sender's address.

Write Enclosures  the list of documents attaching with letter.

e.g. 

 Mr. Ram K. More, 

101, Sudama Darshan CHS,

Nandivali  Road,

Dombivali East.

17th Oct 2018.

The manager,

..................

...........

  

Reference- Your advertisement in Times of India dated..... 

Subject - An application for the post of.... 

      Respected sir, 

1st should be introductory 

2nd should be informative and 

3rd should be conclusion.

 Thanking you.

                              Yours faithfully,

  

Enclosures

 1. Photo copy of marksheets.

2. Photo copy of experience certificate.

Etc. 

 Write 

Speech Writing

Speech Writing

Introduction - Speech writing is a tool used to outline your thoughts and ideas for a speech. It assists with cognitive learning and critical thinking, and allows you to organize your thoughts into full sentences or phrases. Speech writing helps you to really think about what you want to say, and allows you to recognize gaps within your speech where you might need more information, or parts of your speech that you might want to reduce
Purpose of speech

• To make your audience feel, think and act on the issue
• To make them learn
• To spread awareness
• To convince/ persuade

BEGINNING/INTRODUCTION :

  Opening your speech with a relevant and arresting quote sets the tone for the rest of your speech. Its  like a hook when you are fishing. Engage your audience right in the beginning by using something interesting such as-

• An anecdote
• A story/an incident
• A question
• A couplet
• A personal experience

Main Body

• Provide arguments and reasons  to develop your theme.
• Make use of few logical and relatable points instead of too many confusing ideas.
• Structure your points/arguments in a sequence to reach the conclusion.
• Make reference to current issues in public domain.
• Make use of engaging examples, quotes, etc. to emphasize.
• Use a slogan /a phrase that you can repeat to make an impact   

Conclusion

• Keep it brief
• Don’t just summarize. Make a powerful stirring statement that will leave the audience thinking.
• Consider ending your speech with an additional quote that captures the theme.
• Provide a call to action.

IMPORTANT THINGS TO REMEMBER WHILE WRITING SPEECH

1. A good speech is made for a good reason: to inspire, to instruct, to rally support, to lead to action, etc. These are noble purposes -- and not merely to sound off; feed the speaker's ego; or to flatter, intimidate, or shame anyone 
2. Get persuasive. If your points are illogical, don't attempt to pad them with other reasons. Make sure your reason is sound, and then you can try to add persuasive techniques
3. Making Speech Effective-

• Make use of rhetorical questions
• Avoid long sentences
• Use imperatives
• Use quotes, statistics etc. for impact
• Make use of personal pronouns
• Illustrate
• Repeat
• Narrate relatable situations
• Be specific and provide a concrete plan of action

NOTE MAKING

NOTE MAKING

Importance of Note Making:

The process of grasping knowledge is vast and unlimited. Our memory is not able to store so many information altogether, hence notes making is quite handy and helpful. With assistance of note making, we may recall the entire information of past events. For the students, it makes their preparation less strenuous.

Thus, note making helps in:

Ø      Keeping information handy whenever required.

Ø      Recollecting and recalling past events said or heard.

Ø      Delivery of speeches for debates/discussion, writing an essay and revising lessons before examinations.

Points to remember while making notes:

Ø      They should be precise and to the point.

Ø      They should have all the relevant and important information of the extract.

Ø      All information should be systematically divided and subdivided.

Ø      Use universally relevant symbols and abbreviations necessary and provide key to the abbreviations.

Ø      The main title should be short and apt to the extract.

Ø      Try to avoid any long sentence as a title unless it is a common proverb. It must reflect the essence of the extract.

Notes must be written in points and must be listed one after another and must be numbered properly.

Points to be avoided while making notes:

Ø     Avoid the usage of full sentences

Ø     Do not lift portions of the extract/paragraph to form the notes.

Ø     Do not include irrelevant parts of the extract while taking down notes.

Ways of Note Making:

There are various ways of making notes. Each format has its own advantages and limitations.

1. Linear notes

2. Keyword notes

3. Time lines

4. Flowchart

5. Matrix format

6. Mind maps

How to make notes?

Follow the following steps for making notes:

Step 1: (i) Read the passage carefully. (ii) Try to get the theme of the passage. You may ask yourself: ‘What is this passage about?’ This will provide you the gist.

Step 2: Read carefully. Identify main ideas and important supporting details.

Step 3: Make notes of the main ideas under headings and add sub-points under sub-headings.

Step 4: Use proper layout/format, e.g.,

a)                    Indented, linear form

b)                   Sequential form

c)                    Tabular form

d)                   Flow chart

e)                    Pie chart, graphs or diagrams, etc.

Step 5: Use recognizable abbreviations wherever possible.

Examples

v     Read the following extract and complete the table that follows:

Vitamins play a very significant role in maintenance of good health and they build a resistance power in the human body. These Vitamins are named by the scientists as vitamins A, B, C, D, E. Vitamin A is found in tomato, egg yolk, vegetables and fruits, milk etc. Vitamin A is very important for vision, growth and protection. It helps in the skeletal and tissue growth. Many vitamins are grouped under Vitamin B complex group. The vitamin grouped under this group can be sought from seeds, meat, soya bean, green vegetables, milk, eggs, etc. vitamin B complex group is very essential in growth, metabolism and formation of blood and for nervous system. Vitamin C found in lemon, orange, amla, fresh vegetable is essential for the development of iron and calcium in the human body. Vitamin D is found in eggs, liver fish oil, butter etc. Vitamin D helps in growth and development of bones and teeth. It plays an important role in absorption and deposition of calcium and phosphorus. Efficiency of Vitamin E does not occur normally in human body. Vitamin E is present in vegetables, oils, grain cereals, pulses, nuts, oil seeds and dark green leafy vegetables. It is also present in egg yolk. It is useful for normal reproduction.

Vitamins

	Vitamin	Sources	Benefits
1	A	Tomato, vegetables, fruits,milk	Vision, growth,protection,skeletal and tissue growth
2	B	Seeds,meat,soya bean,greenvegetables,milk,eggs	Growth,metabolism and formation of blood and for nervous system
3	C	Lemon, orange, amla, fresh vegetable	Development of iron and calcium
4	D	eggs,liver fish oil,butter	Growth and development of bones and teeth, absorption and deposition of calcium and phosphorus
5	E	Vegetables,oils,grain cereals, pulses,nuts and oil seeds, dark green leafy vegetables	Useful for normal reproduction

SUMMARY WRITING

SUMMARY WRITING

Purpose: Like note-making and note-taking, Summarising also is very important and useful.

Every student, engineer, manager, personal secretary and business executive has to learn the art

of Summarisation. A student is expected to make a summary of a lecture, a passage, a chapter,

a report or a book.

A summary is different from precis, in which we reduce the original matter to one third of its

length. However, a summary may be half, a quarter or even one tenth of the original passage.

A summary is different from a note. A note may not be clear to others but a summary has to be.

A note is for personal use only, whereas a summary can be used by others also.

DEFINITION: A Summarisation means comprehension, composition and presentation of the

main points of the passage.

HOW TO WRITE A SUMMARY?

Rules-Regulations (Do’s and Don’ts)

1. Read the given passage carefully more than once.

2. Underline the important ideas and find out the central idea.

3. Put up the underlined ideas in a logical order and built up your summary around the

central idea.

4. Cut out all the elaborations, examples, and references because brevity is the soul of

summarization. Be brief but not too brief.

5. Use simple and single words for phrases and expressions.

6. Use the “Indirect Speech” for brevity.

7. The passive voice should not be brought in where the active voice has been used in the

original.

8. Good punctuation can save many words. Also some knowledge of “transformation of

sentences” is an essential part of training in Summarisation.

9. See that no important point is omitted and no unimportant point is included.

10. Give a suitable Title to the Summary.

11. A Summary must be in ONE paragraph.

12. Avoid commenting on the passage, adding new information and examples, explaining

meanings.

13. Compare your summary with the original passage and see that it gives a complete idea

of the original…

Q. 3) Read the following extract and answer the questions below:

Co-education is a system of education where boys and girls study together. In a country

as conservative as India, co-education helps boys and girls break popular misconceptions

existing between both since time immemorial.

Co-education encourages familiarity between boys and girls and they start breaking

misconceptions about each other. Their general outlook changes and they develop a healthy,

normal relationship with more mature personalities. There is no discrimination based on sex. It

has often been seen that students who come from a co-educational background are better

communicators than students who study in same -sex institutions. Co-education also helps

students in their later life when they become professionals and interact with the opposite sex.

As these boys and girls lose their shyness, they develop a broader outlook and are devoid of

narrow mentality.

It is essential to have more co-educational institutions to nurture good, normal, healthy

citizens who in turn can help remove social evils like dowry through joint efforts. Co-education

can also reduce eve-teasing, ragging, rape and other crimes against women. With more

understanding, a mutual respect is developed and the mind is free of any unsavoury thoughts.

Thinking maturity comes at an early age and goes a long way in developing well-rounded

personalities in both.

What needs to be done immediately nationwide is to introduce co-education right from

primary school. At this stage itself, parents and teachers should take precautions in ensuring a

proper balance between education and moral values.

Write a summary of the above extract with the help of the points given below and

suggest a suitable title.

Points: Co-education -- - -defined as --- - advantages -- -removes social evils -- - -develops

personalities - - -role of parents and teachers.

THE BENEFITS OF CO-EDUCATION

Co-education is a system of education where boys and girls study together. Co-education

not only encourages familiarity between boys and girls, but also breaks popular misconceptions

existing between them. It develops healthy , normal relationships and mature personalities. It

also helps to develop a broader outlook and makes them better communicators. It reduces

crimes against women and discrimination based on sex. Thinking maturity comes at an early

age and contributes in developing well-rounded personalities in both. Parents and teachers

should take precautions to ensure a proper balance between education and moral values. 

* FOR PRACTICE 

Q. 3 B) Write a brief summary of the above extract and suggest a suitable title: - 4 marks
Most of the water in the soil is rain water and theoretically it should be as pure as distilled water. Fortunately, however, this is usually not the case, for plants need not only water to live, but also minerals – vital salts which are liberated during the decomposition of rock and soil. This decomposition is a continuous process and proceeds fastest at high temperature. When there is plenty of rain, most of the salts produced by decomposition are washed away into streams and rivers, and a proper mineral balance is maintained.
The salt concentration in the ocean is also high and very few land plants grow in sea water. Most plants which grow on beaches, such as the coconut palm, actually live on fresh water, paradoxical though this may seem. The seashore may be their habitat because the ocean currents will distribute their seeds, the coconuts, but they can no more live on salt water than any other plant. In fact, their roots do not reach sea water, but only go down to the fresh water which, being lighter than the salt, floats on top of it. Thus, when it rains on the sandy tropical beaches, the rain water raises the water table in the sand, forcing the salt water downward and outward.